SURPRISE: RUNNING PROBABLY DOESN’T BRING ON ARTHRITIS
I regularly run (actually jog). And I have arthritis. But I don’t have it in my hips or knees where I think I’d have a long-term effect from pounding streets and sidewalks over many years. However, I do have arthritis in my hands—which, of course, isn’t caused by running—and to a lesser extent in my feet and lower back. And yes, I wonder how long I can maintain jogging into the future before I do develop arthritis in my hip and knee joints.
Thus, a recent post in Harvard Health caught my eye and—if you’re a runner—may also interest you. Here are excerpts from the April 26, 2023 online article by Robert H. Shmerling, MD, Senior Faculty Editor, Does running cause arthritis?
Runners can get arthritis, but is running the cause?
You may think the answer is obvious. Surely, years of running (pounding pavements, or even softer surfaces) could wear out your joints, much like tires wear out after you put enough miles on them. And osteoarthritis, the most common type of arthritis, usually affects older adults. In fact, it’s often described as age-related and degenerative. That sounds like a wear-and-tear sort of situation, right?
Maybe not. Sure, it’s easy to blame running when a person who runs regularly develops arthritis. But that blame may be misguided. The questions to ask are:
- Does running damage the joints and lead to arthritis?
- Does arthritis develop first and become more noticeable while running?
- Is the connection more complicated? Perhaps there’s no connection between running and arthritis for most people. But maybe those destined to develop arthritis (due to their genes, for example) get it sooner if they take up running.
Extensive research over the last several decades has investigated these questions. While the answers are still not entirely clear, we’re moving closer.
What is the relationship between running and arthritis?
Mounting evidence suggests that running does not cause osteoarthritis, or any other joint disease.
- A study published in 2017 found that recreational runners had lower rates of hip and knee osteoarthritis (3.5%) compared with competitive runners (13.3%) and non-runners (10.2%).
- According to a 2018 study, the rate of hip or knee arthritis among 675 marathon runners was half the rate expected within the US population.
- A 2022 analysis of 24 studies found no evidence of significant harm to the cartilage lining the knee joints MRIs taken just after running.
These are just a few of the published medical studies on the subject. Overall, research suggests that running is an unlikely cause of arthritis — and might even be protective.
Why is it hard to study running and arthritis?
- Osteoarthritis takes many years to develop. Convincing research would require a long time, perhaps a decade or more.
- It’s impossible to perform an ideal study. The most powerful type of research study is a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Participants in these studies are assigned to a treatment group (perhaps taking a new drug) or a control group (often taking a placebo). Double-blind means neither researchers nor participants know which people are in the treatment group and which people are getting a placebo. When the treatment being studied is running, there’s no way to conduct this kind of trial.
- Beware the confounders. A confounder is a factor or variable you can’t account for in a study. There may be important differences between people who run and those who don’t that have nothing to do with running. For example, runners may follow a healthier diet, maintain a healthier weight, or smoke less than non-runners. They may differ with respect to how their joints are aligned, the strength of their ligaments, or genes that direct development of the musculoskeletal system. These factors could affect the risk of arthritis and make study results hard to interpret clearly. In fact, they may explain why some studies find that running is protective.
- The effect of running may vary between people. For example, it’s possible, though not proven, that people with obesity who run regularly are at increased risk of arthritis due to the stress of excess weight on the joints.
The bottom line
Trends in recent research suggest that running does not wear out your joints. That should be reassuring for those of us who enjoy running. And if you don’t like to run, that’s fine: try to find forms of exercise that you enjoy more. Just don’t base your decision — or excuse — for not running on the idea that it will ruin your joints.